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Biology 11 (home) and Biology 12 (home)
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| Abbotsford Collegiate - Biology 12 Homepage
Follow the links to find the topic you want. You will find notes, quiz and written questions for each of the major topics of Biology 12 as listed in the prescribe learning outcomes listed below.
These are the new learning outcomes that the provincial exams are based on. Make sure to make note of the vocabulary for the sections and the additional vocabulary found at the end of the learning outcomes
A1. Demonstrate safe and correct technique for a variety of laboratory procedures 1. demonstrate the correct use of a dissection microscope 2. demonstrate safe and correct dissection technique 3. demonstrate the correct use of a compound microscope
A2. Design an experiment using the scientific method 1. formulate a testable hypothesis to investigate a scientific problem (e.g., factors affecting enzyme activity, tonicity of various cells) 2. formulate and carry out a repeatable, controlled procedure to test the hypothesis: 3. identify controlled versus experimental variables 4. identify the independent and dependent variables 5. use control and experimental groups, as appropriate 6. use a control as appropriate 7. use appropriate sample size 8. observe, measure, and record data 9. interpret results to draw conclusions 10. determine whether the conclusions support or reject the hypothesis 11. determine whether the experiment is reliable 12. use information and conclusions as a basis for further comparisons, investigations, or analyses
A3. Interpret data from a variety of text and visual sources 1. use data from a variety of representations (e.g., diagrams, electron micrographs, graphs, photographs) to make inferences and generalizations 2. draw and present conclusions, applying the most appropriate means to communicate (e.g., graph, diagram, model, formula, map, visual)
A1, 2, 3 Vocabulary conclusion, control, control group, controlled variable, dependent variable, electron micrograph, experimental group, experimental variable, independent variable, reliable, repeatable procedure, sample size, scientific method, testable hypothesis
B1. Analyze the functional inter-relationships of cell structures Cell Structure 1. describe the following cell structures and their functions: cell membrane cell wall chloroplast, cytoskeleton cytoplasm Golgi bodies Lysosomes mitochondria including cristae and matrix nucleus including nuclear pore, nucleolus, chromatin, nuclear envelope, and chromosomes ribosomes (polysomes) smooth and rough endoplasmic reticulum vacuoles vesicles 2. state the balanced chemical equation for cellular respiration 3. describe how the following organelles function to compartmentalize the cell and move materials through it: rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum vesicles Golgi bodies cell membrane 2. identify cell structures depicted in diagrams and electron micrographs
B1 - Vocabulary cell membrane, cell wall, cellular respiration, chloroplast, chromatin, chromosome, cristae, cytoplasm, cytoskeleton, Golgi bodies, lysosome, matrix, mitochondria, nuclear envelope, nuclear pore, nucleolus, nucleus, organelle, polysome, ribosome, rough endoplasmic reticulum, smooth endoplasmic reticulum, vacuole, vesicle
B2. Describe the characteristics of water and its role in biological systems Cell Compounds 1. describe the role of water as a solvent, temperature regulator, and lubricant 2. describe how the polarity of the water molecule results in hydrogen bonding
B3. Describe the role of acids, bases, and buffers in biological systems in the human body 1. differentiate among acids, bases, and buffers 2. describe the importance of pH to biological systems in the human body
B4. Analyze the structure and function of biological molecules in living systems, including Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, Nucleic acids 1. demonstrate a knowledge of dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis as applied to organic monomers and polymers 2. differentiate among carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids with respect to chemical structure 3. recognize the following molecules in structural diagrams: adenosine triphosphate (ATP) deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) disaccharide glucose glycerol hemoglobin monosaccharide neutral fat phospholipid polysaccharide (starch, glycogen, and cellulose) ribose RNA saturated and unsaturated fatty acids steroids 4. recognize the empirical formula of a monosaccharide as CnH2nOn 5. list the main functions of carbohydrates 6. differentiate among monosaccharides (e.g., glucose), disaccharides (e.g., maltose), and polysaccharides 7. differentiate among starch, cellulose, and glycogen with respect to: function, type of bonding, level of branching 8. describe the location, structure, and function of the following in the human body: neutral fats steroids phospholipids 9. compare saturated and unsaturated fatty acids in terms of molecular structure 10. list the major functions of proteins 11. draw a generalized amino acid and identify the amine, acid (carboxyl), and R-groups 13. identify the peptide bonds in dipeptides and polypeptides 14. differentiate among the following levels of protein organization: primary, secondary (alpha helix, beta pleated sheet), tertiary and quaternary (e.g., hemoglobin) with respect to structure and types of bonding: 15. list the major functions of nucleic acids (RNA and DNA) 16. name the four nitrogenous bases in ribonucleic acid (RNA) and describe the structure of RNA using the following terms: nucleotide (ribose, phosphate, nitrogenous base, adenine, uracil, cytosine, guanine) linear, single stranded sugar-phosphate backbone 17. Name the four nitrogenous bases in DNA and describe the structure of DNA using the following terms: nucleotide (deoxyribose, phosphate, nitrogenous base, adenine, thymine, cytosine, guanine) complementary base pairing double helix hydrogen bonding sugar-phosphate backbone 18. compare the general structural composition of DNA and RNA 19. relate the general structure of the ATP molecule to its role as the energy currency of cells
B2, B3, B4 Vocabulary acid, acid (carboxyl) group, adenine, adenosine triphosphate (ATP), alpha helix, amine group, amino acid, base, beta pleated sheet, bonding, buffer, carbohydrate, cellulose, complementary base pairing, cytosine, dehydration synthesis, deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), deoxyribose, dipeptide, disaccharide, double helix, glucose, glycerol, guanine, glycogen, hemoglobin, hydrogen bonding, hydrolysis, lipid, lubricant, maltose, monomer, monosaccharide, neutral fat, nitrogenous base, nucleic acids, nucleotide, organic, peptide bond, pH, phosphate, hospholipids, polarity, polymer, polypeptide, polysaccharide, primary structure, protein, quaternary structure, R-group, ribonucleic acid (RNA), ribose, saturated fatty acid, secondary structure, solvent, starch, steroid, sugar-phosphate backbone, temperature regulator, tertiary structure, thymine, unsaturated fatty acid, uracil
B5. Describe DNA replication DNA 1. describe the three steps in the semiconservative replication of DNA: unzipping (DNA helicase) complementary base pairing (DNA polymerase) joining of adjacent nucleotides (DNA polymerase) 2. describe the purpose of DNA replication 3. identify the site of DNA replication within the cell
B6. Describe recombinant DNA DNA 1. define recombinant DNA 2. describe a minimum of three uses for recombinant DNA
B5 and 6 Vocabulary Complementary base pairing, DNA helicase, DNA polymerase, nucleotides, recombinant DNA, replication, semi-conservative replication
B7. Demonstrate an understanding of the process of protein synthesis Protein Synthesis 1. identify the roles of DNA, messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and ribosomes in the processes of transcription and translation, including initiation, elongation, and termination 2. determine the sequence of amino acids coded for by a specific DNA sequence (genetic code), given a table of mRNA codons 3. identify the complementary nature of the mRNA codon and the tRNA anti-codon
B8. Explain how mutations in DNA affect protein synthesis 1. give examples of two environmental mutagens that can cause mutations in humans 2. use examples to explain how mutations in DNA change the sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain, and as a result may lead to genetic disorders
B7 and 8 Vocabulary amino acid, anti-codon, codon, DNA sequence (genetic code), elongation, environmental mutagen, genetic disorder, initiation, messenger RNA (mRNA), mutation, polypeptide chain, ribosomes, termination, transcription, transfer RNA (tRNA), translation
B9. Analyze the structure and function of the cell membrane Transport Across Cell Membranes 1. apply knowledge of organic molecules including phospholipids, proteins, glycoproteins, glycolipids, carbohydrates, and cholesterol to explain the structure and function of the fluid-mosaic membrane model 2. identify the hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions of the phospholipid bilayer 3. explain why the cell membrane is described as selectively permeable 4. describe passive transport processes including diffusion, osmosis, and facilitated transport 5. explain factors that affect the rate of diffusion across a cell membrane (e.g., temperature, size of molecule, charge of molecule, concentration gradient, pressure gradient) 6. predict the effects of hypertonic, isotonic, and hypotonic environments on osmosis in animal cells 7. describe active transport processes including active transport, endocytosis (phagocytosis and pinocytosis), and exocytosis 8. compare specific transport processes including diffusion, osmosis, facilitated transport, active transport, endocytosis, and exocytosis in terms of: concentration gradient, use of channel or carrier protein, use of energy, types/sizes of molecules transported. 9. devise an experiment using the scientific method (e.g., to investigate the tonicity of cells)
B10. Explain why cells divide when they reach a particular surface area-to-volume ratio 1. differentiate between cells that have a high or low surface area-to-volume ratio 2. demonstrate an understanding of the significance of surface area-to-volume ratio in cell size
B11. Analyze the roles of enzymes in biochemical reactions 1. explain the following terms: metabolism, enzyme, substrate, coenzyme, activation energy 2. use graphs to identify the role of enzymes in lowering the activation energy of a biochemical reaction 3. explain models of enzymatic action (e.g., induced fit) 4. differentiate between the roles of enzymes and coenzymes in biochemical reactions 5. identify the role of vitamins as coenzymes 6. apply knowledge of proteins to explain the effects on enzyme activity of pH, temperature, substrate concentration, enzyme concentration, competitive inhibitors, and non-competitive inhibitors including heavy metals 7. devise an experiment using the scientific method (e.g., to investigate the activity of enzymes) 8. identify the thyroid as the source gland for thyroxin, and relate the function of thyroxin to metabolism
B9, 10, 11 Vocabulary active transport, carbohydrates, carrier protein, cell membrane, channel protein, cholesterol, concentration gradient, diffusion, endocytosis, exocytosis, facilitated transport, fluid-mosaic membrane model, glycolipid, glycoprotein, hydrophilic, hydrophobic, hypertonic, hypotonic, isotonic, osmosis, passive transport processes, phagocytosis, phospholipid, phospholipid bilayer, pinocytosis, pressure gradient, protein, selectively permeable, surface area-to-volume ratio, tonicity activation energy, biochemical reaction, coenzyme, competitive inhibitor, enzyme, enzyme activity, enzyme concentration, heavy metal, induced fit model, metabolism, non-competitive inhibitor, pH, proteins, substrate, substrate concentration, thyroid, thyroxin, vitamins
C1. Analyze the functional inter-relationships of the structures of the digestive system Digestive System 1. Identify and give a function for each of the following: mouth tongue teeth salivary glands pharynx epiglottis esophagus cardiac sphincter stomach pyloric sphincter duodenum liver gall bladder pancreas small intestine appendix large intestine (colon) rectum anus 2. describe swallowing and peristalsis 3. identify the pancreas as the source gland for insulin, and describe the function of insulin in maintaining blood sugar levels 4. list at least six major functions of the liver 5. explain the role of bile in the emulsification of fats 6. describe how the small intestine is specialized for chemical and physical digestion and absorption 7. describe the structure of the villus, including mircovilli, and explain the functions of the capillaries and lacteals 8. describe the functions of anaerobic bacteria in the colon 9. demonstrate the correct use of the dissection microscope to examine the various structures of the digestive system
C2. Describe the components, pH, and digestive actions of salivary, gastric, pancreatic, and intestinal juices Digestive System 1. relate the following digestive enzymes to their glandular sources and describe the digestive reactions they promote: salivary amylase pancreatic amylase proteases (pepsinogen, pepsin, trypsin) lipase peptidase maltase nuclease 2. describe the role of water as a component of digestive juices 3. describe the role of sodium bicarbonate in pancreatic juice 4. describe the role of hydrochloric acid (HCl) in gastric juice 5. describe the role of mucus in gastric juice 6. describe the importance of the pH level in various regions of the digestive tract
C1, 2 Vocabulary absorption, anaerobic bacteria, anus, appendix, bile, capillary, cardiac sphincter, chemical digestion, digestive enzyme, digestive tract, duodenum, emulsification, epiglottis, esophagus, gall bladder, gastric juice, hydrochloric acid (HCl), insulin, intestinal juice, lacteals, large intestine (colon), lipase, liver, maltase, microvillus, nuclease, pancreas, pancreatic amylase, pancreatic juice, pepsin, pepsinogen, peptidase, peristalsis, pH, pharynx, physical digestion, protease, pyloric sphincter, rectum, salivary amylase, salivary gland, salivary juice/saliva, small intestine, sodium bicarbonate, stomach, swallowing, trypsin, villus
C3. Describe the inter-relationships of the structures the heart Heart Structure and Function 1. identify and give functions (including where blood is coming from and going to, as applicable) for each of the following: left and right atria left and right ventricles coronary arteries and veins anterior and posterior vena cava aorta pulmonary arteries and veins pulmonary trunk atrioventricular valves chordae tendineae semi-lunar valves septum 2. recognize heart structures using both internal and external diagram views
C4. Analyze the relationship between heart rate and blood pressure Circulation and Blood 1. describe the location and functions of the sinoatrial (SA) node, atrioventricular (AV) node, and Purkinje fibres 2. describe how the autonomic nervous system increases and decreases heart rate and blood pressure 3. differentiate between systolic and diastolic pressures 4. describe hypertension and hypotension and their causes 5. demonstrate the measurement of blood pressure
C5. Analyze the functional inter-relationships of the vessels of the circulatory system Circulation and Blood 1. identify and give the function (including where the vessel is carrying blood from and where it is carrying blood to) of each of the following: subclavian arteries and veins jugular veins carotid arteries mesenteric arteries anterior and posterior vena cava pulmonary veins and arteries hepatic vein hepatic portal vein renal arteries and veins iliac arteries and veins coronary arteries and veins aorta 2. describe and differentiate among the five types of blood vessels with reference to the following characteristics: structure and thickness of vessel walls presence of valves direction of blood flow (toward or away from the heart) 3. differentiate between pulmonary and systemic circulation with respect to oxygenation or deoxygenation of blood in the vessels involved 4. demonstrate a knowledge of the path of a blood cell from the aorta through the body and back to the left ventricle 5. relate blood pressure and blood velocity to the total cross-sectional area of the five types of blood vessels 6. describe capillary-tissue fluid exchange 7 identify and describe differences in structure and circulation between fetal and adult systems, with reference to umbilical vein and arteries, oval opening, venous duct, arterial duct
C6. Describe the components of blood Circulation and Blood 1. describe the shape, function, and origin of red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets 2. list the major components of plasma 3. explain the roles of antigens and antibodies
C7. Describe the inter-relationships of the structures of the lymphatic system Circulation and Blood 1. describe the functions of the lymphatic system 2. identify and give functions of lymph capillaries, veins, and nodes
C3, 4, 5, 6, 7 Vocabulary anterior vena cava, antibody, antigen, aorta, arterial duct atrioventricular valve, autonomic nervous system, atrioventricular (AV) node, blood, blood pressure, blood velocity, blood vessel, capillary-tissue fluid exchange, carotid artery, chordae tendineae, coronary artery, coronary vein, diastolic pressure, fetal circulation, heart rate, hepatic portal vein, hepatic vein, hypertension, hypotension, iliac artery, iliac vein, jugular vein, left atrium, left ventricle, lymph capillaries, lymph node, lymphatic system, lymphatic veins, mesenteric artery, oval opening, plasma, platelets, posterior vena cava, pulmonary arteries, pulmonary circulation, pulmonary trunk, pulmonary veins, Purkinje fibres, red blood cell, renal artery, renal vein, right atrium, right ventricle, sinoatrial (SA) node, semi-lunar valve, septum, subclavian artery, subclavian vein, systemic circulation, systolic pressure, total cross-sectional area, umbilical artery, umbilical vein, valve, veins, venous duct, vessel wall, white blood cell
C8. Analyze the functional inter-relationships of the structures of the respiratory system Respiratory System 1. identify and give functions for each of the following: nasal cavity pharynx larynx trachea bronchi bronchioles alveoli diaphragm and ribs pleural membranes thoracic cavity 2. explain the roles of cilia and mucus in the respiratory tract 3. explain the relationship between the structure and function of alveoli
C9. Analyze the processes of breathing Respiratory System 1. describe the interactions of the following structures in the breathing process: respiratory centre in the medulla oblongata lungs pleural membranes diaphragm intercostal (rib) muscles stretch receptors 2. compare the processes of inhalation and exhalation 3. explain the roles of carbon dioxide and hydrogen ions in stimulating the respiratory centre in the medulla oblongata 4. explain the roles of oxygen, carbon dioxide, and hydrogen ions in stimulating carotid and aortic bodies
C10. Analyze internal and external respiration Respiratory System q describe the exchange of carbon dioxide and oxygen during internal and external respiration, including location of exchange conditions that favour exchange (e.g., pH, temperature) q explain the roles of oxyhemoglobin, carbaminohemoglobin, reduced hemoglobin, bicarbonate ions, and carbonic anhydrase in the transport of carbon dioxide and oxygen in the blood q write the chemical equations for internal and external respiration
C8, 9, 10 Vocabulary alveoli, aortic bodies, bicarbonate ions, bronchi, bronchioles, carbaminohemoglobin, carbon dioxide, carbonic anhydrase, carotid bodies, cilia, diaphragm, exhalation, external respiration, hydrogen ions, inhalation, intercostal (rib) muscles, internal respiration, larynx, lungs, mucus, nasal cavity, oxygen, oxyhemoglobin, pH, pharynx, pleural membrane, reduced hemoglobin, respiratory centre in the medulla oblongata, respiratory tract, ribs, stretch receptors, thoracic cavity, trachea
C11. Analyze the transmission of nerve impulses Nervous System - Neuron, Impulse Generation, and Reflex Arc 1. identify and give functions for each of the following: dendrite, cell body, axon, axoplasm, and axomembrane 2. differentiate among sensory, motor, and interneurons with respect to structure and function 3. explain the transmission of a nerve impulse through a neuron, using the following terms: resting and action potential depolarization and repolarization refractory period sodium and potassium gates sodium-potassium pump threshold value all-or-none response polarity 4. relate the structure of a myelinated nerve fibre to the speed of impulse conduction, with reference to myelin sheath, Schwann cell, node of Ranvier, and saltatory transmission 5. identify the major components of a synapse, including synaptic ending presynaptic and postsynaptic membranes synaptic cleft synaptic vesicle calcium ions and contractile proteins excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters (e.g., norepinephrine, acetylcholine ACh) receptor acetylcholinesterase (AChE) 6. explain the process by which impulses travel across a synapse 7. describe how neurotransmitters are broken down in the synaptic cleft 8. describe the structure of a reflex arc (receptor, sensory neuron, interneuron, motor neuron, and effector) and relate its structure to how it functions
C12. Analyze the functional inter-relationships of the divisions of the nervous system Nervous System - Divisions of the Nervous System and the Brain 1. compare the locations and functions of the central and peripheral nervous systems 2. identify and give functions for each of the following parts of the brain: medulla oblongata cerebrum thalamus cerebellum hypothalamus pituitary gland corpus callosum meninges 3. explain how the hypothalamus and pituitary gland interact as the neuroendocrine control centre 4. differentiate between the functions of the autonomic and somatic nervous systems 5. describe the inter-related functions of the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the autonomic nervous system, with reference to effect on body functions including heart rate, breathing rate, pupil size, digestion neurotransmitters involved overall response (fight or flight or relaxed state) 6. identify the source gland for adrenalin (adrenal medulla) and explain its role in the fight or flight response
C11, 12 Vocabulary acetylcholine (ACh), acetylcholinesterase (AChE), action potential, adrenal medulla, adrenalin, all-or-none response, autonomic nervous system, axomembrane, axon, axoplasm, calcium ion, cell body, central nervous system, cerebellum, cerebrum, contractile protein, corpus callosum, dendrite, depolarization, effector, excitatory neurotransmitter, hypothalamus, impulse, inhibitory neurotransmitter, interneuron, medulla oblongata, meninges, motor neuron, myelin sheath, myelinated nerve fibre, neuroendocrine, control centre, neuron, neurotransmitters, node of Ranvier, norepinephrine, parasympathetic division, peripheral nervous system, pituitary gland, polarity, postsynaptic membrane, potassium gate, presynaptic membrane, receptor, reflex arc, refractory period, repolarization, resting potential, saltatory transmission, Schwann cell, sensory neuron, sodium gate, sodium-potassium pump, somatic nervous system, sympathetic division, synapse, synaptic cleft, synaptic ending, synaptic vesicle, thalamus, threshold value
C13. Analyze the functional inter-relationships of the structures of the urinary system Urinary System 1. identify and explain the functions of each of the following: kidney ureter urethra urinary bladder renal cortex renal medulla renal pelvis nephron 2. identify and explain the functions of the following components of the nephron: glomerulus Bowmans capsule afferent and efferent arterioles peritubular capillary network proximal and distal convoluted tubules collecting duct loop of Henle 3. describe the production of urine with reference to the following terms: pressure filtration selective reabsorption reabsorption of water following an osmotic gradient tubular excretion metabolic waste (e.g., nitrogenous waste, urea, ammonia) 4. describe how the kidneys maintain blood pH 5. compare urea and glucose content of blood in the renal artery with that of the renal vein 6. identify the source glands for antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and aldosterone 7. describe how the hypothalamus, posterior pituitary, ADH, and the nephron achieve homeostasis of water levels in the blood 8. describe how the adrenal cortex, aldosterone, and the nephron achieve homeostasis of water and sodium levels in the blood
C13. Vocabulary antidiuretic hormone (ADH), adrenal cortex, afferent and efferent arterioles, aldosterone, ammonia, Bowmans capsule, collecting duct, glomerulus, glucose, homeostasis, hypothalamus, kidney, loop of Henle, metabolic waste, nephron, nitrogenous waste, osmotic gradient, peritubular capillary network, pH, posterior pituitary, pressure filtration, proximal and distal convoluted tubules, reabsorption of water, renal artery, renal cortex, renal medulla, renal pelvis, renal vein, selective reabsorption, tubular excretion, urea, ureter, urethra, urinary bladder, urine
C14. Analyze the functional inter-relationships of the structures of the male reproductive system Reproductive System 1. identify and give functions for each of the following: testes (seminiferous tubules and interstitial cells) scrotum epididymis ductus (vas) deferens prostate gland Cowpers glands seminal vesicles penis urethra 2. describe the path of sperm from the seminiferous tubules to the urethral opening 3. list the components seminal fluid (as contributed by the Cowpers glands, prostate gland, and seminal vesicles), and describe the functions of each component 4. identify the tail (flagellum), midpiece, head, and acrosome of a mature sperm and state their functions 5. describe the functions of testosterone 6. describe the homeostatic regulation of testosterone levels by the hypothalamus, anterior pituitary, and testes
C15. Analyze the functional inter-relationships of the structures of the female reproductive system Reproductive System 1. identify and give functions for each of the following: ovaries (follicles and corpus luteum) oviducts (fallopian tubes) uterus endometrium cervix vagina clitoris 2. describe the functions of estrogen 3. describe the sequence of events in the ovarian cycle, with reference the follicular phase, ovulation, and the luteal phase 4. describe the sequence of events in the uterine cycle, with reference to menstruation, the proliferative phase, and the secretory phase 5. describe the control of the ovarian and uterine cycles by hormones including gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), estrogen, and progesterone 6. describe the hormonal changes that occur as a result of implantation, including: production of human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) to maintain the corpus luteum AND increased production of progesterone by the corpus luteum 7. describe a positive feedback mechanism involving oxytocin
C14, 15 Vocabulary acrosome, anterior pituitary, cervix, clitoris, corpus luteum, Cowpers glands, ductus (vas) deferens, endometrium, epididymis, estrogen, follicles, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), follicular phase, gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), head, homeostatic regulation, human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG), hypothalamus, implantation, interstitial cells, luteal phase, luteinizing hormone (LH), menstruation, midpiece, ovarian cycle, ovaries, oviducts (fallopian tubes), ovulation, oxytocin, penis, positive feedback mechanism, progesterone, proliferative phase, prostate gland, scrotum, secretory phase, seminal fluid, seminal vesicles, seminiferous tubules, sperm, tail (flagellum), testes, testosterone, urethra, urethral opening, uterine cycle, uterus, vagina
Additional Vocabulary
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